Resumen
Antecedentes: El maltrato infantil es uno de los desafíos más adversos y estresantes que enfrentan los niños y niñas, transmitiéndose sus efectos nocivos de generación en generación. La literatura a dado cuenta de factores protectores que contribuyen a la interrupción del ciclo intergeneracional de maltrato. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura, que permita identificar factores protectores frente a la transmisión intergeneracional del maltrato infantil, integrando aquellos provenientes de la línea de investigación del trauma. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, buscando literatura en las bases de datos Pubmed y Web of Science, incluyendo los términos moderador, factores protectores, maltrato, abuso y transmisión intergeneracional. Resultados: Luego del tamizaje y selección, se revisaron 21 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se encontraron factores protectores, organizándolos en cuatro categorías: nivel individual, nivel relacional, nivel social y relativo al trauma. Los resultados cuantitativos se complementaron con resultados de estudios cualitativos. Conclusiones: Existen factores protectores en distintos niveles de la ecología del individuo que deben considerarse en el diseño de programas de prevención e intervención para el maltrato infantil. Es necesario seguir profundizando el conocimiento que se tiene de ellos, fortaleciendo la calidad metodológica de los estudios que los investigan.
Citas
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Current epidemiology reports, 7(4), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00252-3
Borelli, J. L., Cohen, C., Pettit, C., Normandin, L., Target, M., Fonagy, P., & Ensink, K. (2019). Maternal and child sexual abuse history: An intergenerational exploration of children’s adjustment and maternal trauma-reflective functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1062. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01062
Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1995). Failures in the expectable environment and their impact on individual development: The case of child maltreatment. In D. Cicchetti & D.J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (vol. 2, pp. 32–71). John Wiley & Sons.
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and psychopathology, 8(4), 597-600. https://doi.org/d8rg5q
Cicchetti, D. (2004). An odyssey of discovery: lessons learned through three decades of research on child maltreatment. American Psychologist, 59(8), 731. https://doi.org/fkqdxc
Conger, R. D., Schofield, T. J., Neppl, T. K., & Merrick, M. T. (2013). Disrupting intergenerational continuity in harsh and abusive parenting: The importance of a nurturing relationship with a romantic partner. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), S11-S17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.014
Dixon, L., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2009). Patterns of risk and protective factors in the intergenerational cycle of maltreatment. Journal of family violence, 24(2), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9215-2
Dym-Bartlett, J., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (2015). The moderating effect of relationships on intergenerational risk for infant neglect by young mothers. Child abuse & neglect, 45, 21–34. https://doi.org/f7hrcz
Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1988). Breaking the cycle of abuse. Child development, 59(4),1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130274
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American journal of preventive medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/btqccf
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K. and Turner, H. A. (2007). Re-victimization patterns in a national longitudinal sample of children and youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 479–502. https://doi.org/bkhwpn
Hall, S. (2011). " It's Going to Stop in This Generation": Women with a History of Child Abuse Resolving to Raise Their Children Without Abuse. Harvard Educational Review, 81(1), 24-50. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.81.1.m8202r3804uvmv68
Herrenkohl, T. I., Klika, J. B., Brown, E. C., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Leeb, R. T. (2013). Tests of the mitigating effects of caring and supportive relationships in the study of abusive disciplining over two generations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), S18-S24. https://doi.org/f5b6xv
Jaffee, S. R., Bowes, L., Ouellet-Morin, I., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Merrick, M. T., & Arseneault, L. (2013). Safe, stable, nurturing relationships break the intergenerational cycle of abuse: A prospective nationally representative cohort of children in the United Kingdom. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), S4-S10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.007
Jahng, K. E. (2020). South Korean mothers’ childhood abuse experience and their abuse of their children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Moderating effect of parenting self-efficacy. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104324. https://doi.org/gjm8f5
Kempe, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemueller, W., & Silver, H. K. (1962). The battered-child syndrome. Jama, 181(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1962.03050270044010
Langevin, R., Marshall, C., & Kingsland, E. (2019). Intergenerational cycles of maltreatment: a scoping review of psychosocial risk and protective factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 672-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019870917
Lanius, R.A., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (2010). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. Cambridge University.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511777042
Lieberman, A. F., Padrón, E., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. W. (2005). Angels in the nursery: The intergenerational transmission of benevolent parental influences. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(6), 504-520. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20071
Madigan, S., Cyr, C., Eirich, R., Fearon, R., Ly, A., Rash, C., Poole, J. C., & Alink, L. (2019). Testing the cycle of maltreatment hypothesis: Meta-analytic evidence of the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment. Development and psychopathology, 31(1), 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001700
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., Stewart, L. A., & PRISMA-P Group (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
Molnar, B. E., Goerge, R. M., Gilsanz, P., Hill, A., Subramanian, S. V., Holton, J. K., Duncan, D. T., Beatriz, E. D., & Beardslee, W. R. (2016). Neighborhood-level social processes and substantiated cases of child maltreatment. Child abuse & neglect, 51, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.007
Narayan, A. J., Ippen, C. G., Harris, W. W., & Lieberman, A. F. (2019). Protective factors that buffer against the intergenerational transmission of trauma from mothers to young children: A replication study of angels in the nursery. Development and psychopathology, 31(1), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001530
Nemeroff C. B. (2016). Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Neuron, 89(5), 892–909. https://doi.org/ggw7w3
Niu, H., Liu, L., & Wang, M. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of harsh discipline: The moderating role of parenting stress and parent gender. Child abuse & neglect, 79, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.017
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2009). Addressing adverse childhood experiences to improve public health. Expert consultation, Meeting report. https://tinyurl.com/3hvbd8bt
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Maltrato de menores. Recuperado de https://tinyurl.com/2p8c2hwj
Putnam, F., Perry, M., Putnam, K., & Harris, W. (2008). Childhood antecedents of clinical complexity. In 24th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Chicago, Il.
Rodríguez, C. M., Silvia, P. J., González, S., & Christl, M. E. (2018). Disentangling the cycle: Potential mediators and moderators in the intergenerational transmission of parent–child aggression. Child maltreatment, 23(3), 254-268. https://doi.org/gddz96
Schofield, T. J., Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2017). Disrupting intergenerational continuity in harsh parenting: Self-control and a supportive partner. Development and psychopathology, 29(4), 1279-1287. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416001309
Slagt, M., Dubas, J.S., Dekovic, M., & van Aken, M.A.G. (2016). Differences in sensitivity to parenting depending on child temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142, 1068–1110 https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000061
Stang A. (2010). Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. European journal of epidemiology, 25(9), 603–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z
Steele, H., Bate, J., Steele, M., Dube, S. R., Danskin, K., Knafo, H., Nikitiades, A., Bonuck, K., Meissner, P., & Murphy, A. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences, poverty, and parenting stress. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 48(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000034
Steele, H., Murphy, A., Bonuck, K., Meissner, P., & Steele, M. (2019). Randomized control trial report on the effectiveness of Group Attachment-Based Intervention (GABI©): Improvements in the parent–child relationship not seen in the control group. Development and psychopathology, 31(1), 203-217. https://doi.org/gnvnd6
St-Laurent, D., Dubois-Comtois, K., Milot, T., & Cantinotti, M. (2019). Intergenerational continuity/discontinuity of child maltreatment among low-income mother–child dyads: The roles of childhood maltreatment characteristics, maternal psychological functioning, and family ecology. Development and psychopathology, 31(1), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457941800161x
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2353
Storr, C. L., Ialongo, N. S., Anthony, J. C. and Breslau, N. (2007). Childhood antecedents of exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.119
Testa, M., Hoffman, J. H., & Livingston, J. A. (2011). Intergenerational transmission of sexual victimization vulnerability as mediated via parenting. Child abuse & neglect, 35(5), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.01.010
Thornberry, T. P., Henry, K. L., Smith, C. A., Ireland, T. O., Greenman, S. J., & Lee, R. D. (2013). Breaking the cycle of maltreatment: The role of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), S25-S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.019
Tracy, M., Salo, M., & Appleton, A. A. (2018). The mitigating effects of maternal social support and paternal involvement on the intergenerational transmission of violence. Child abuse & neglect, 78, 46-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.023
Urrutia, G., & Bonfill, X. (2010). Declaración PRISMA: una propuesta para mejorar la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Medicina clínica, 135(11), 507-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.01.015
Valentino, K., Nuttall, A. K., Comas, M., Borkowski, J. G., & Akai, C. E. (2012). Intergenerational continuity of child abuse among adolescent mothers: Authoritarian parenting, community violence, and race. Child maltreatment, 17(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/fzfvxw
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Coughlan, B., & Reijman, S. (2020). Annual Research Review: Umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 61(3), 272-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13147
Wang, M., Xing, X., & Zhao, J. (2014). Intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment in China: The moderating role of marital satisfaction and gender. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 42(8), 1263-1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9890-9
Wang, M., Niu, H., & Liu, L. (2021). Intergenerational Transmission of Corporal Punishment: The Independent and Interactive Moderating Role of Children’s Negative Affectivity and Effortful Control. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(9-10), NP4588-NP4610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518794513
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & DuMont, K. A. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: real or detection bias?. Science, 347(6229), 1480–1485. https://doi.org/f66cpq
Woods-Jaeger, B. A., Cho, B., Sexton, C. C., Slagel, L., & Goggin, K. (2018). Promoting resilience: Breaking the intergenerational cycle of adverse childhood experiences. Health Education & Behavior, 45(5), 772-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198117752785
