Abstract
Background: Suicide represents a serious public health problem in the world and is currently the second cause of death in young people between the ages of 15 and 29. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to know the programs that exist in the school to prevent suicidal behavior, in order to decide what kind of programs and which strategies are the most effective to reduce it. Method: A bibliographic review of the studies published between 2010 and 2018 in the PsycINFO, Medline and SCOPUS databases was carried out. Results: In the 16 articles included in this review, 13 different programs applied in the school are analyzed. Three types of suicide prevention programs were found: universal, selective and indicated. Conclusions: It is observed that universal prevention is the most applied and effective type of program in this field. The intervention strategies that integrate the programs are education, peer and guardian training. Also, coping, problem-solving and communication skills training protect students from suicide.
References
Barriga, L., & Villalta, M. (2019). Análisis de la conversión: Psicoterapia de los adolescentes depresivos con intento de suicidio en contexto hospitalario. Terapia Psicológica, 37(1), 39-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082019000100039
Beautrais, A.L., Collings, S.C.D., & Ehrhardt, P. (2005). Suicide Prevention: A review of evidence of risk and protective factors, and points of effective intervention. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
Borges, G., Angst, J., Nock, M.K., Ruscio, A.M., & Kessler, R.C. (2008). Risk factors for incidence and persistence of suicide-related outcomes: A 10-year follow-up study using the national comorbidity surveys. Journal of Affective Disorders, 105, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.036
Calear, A., Brewer, J., Batterham, P., Mackinnon, A., Wyman, P., LoMurray, M., Shand, F., Kazan, D., & Christensen, H. (2016). The Sources of Strength Australia Project: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Biomedical Central Psychiatry, 17(349). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1475-1
Cañón, S., Castaño, J.J., Mosquera, A.M., Nieto, L.M., Orozco, M., & Giraldo, W.F. (2018). Propuesta de intervención educativa para la prevención de la conducta suicida en adolescentes en la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia). Diversitas: Perspectivas en PsicologÃa, 14(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.15332/s1794-9998.2018.0001.02
Crosby, A., Gfoerer, J., Han, B., Ortega, L., & Parks, S.E. (2011). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged ≥ 18 Year-United States, 2008-2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and a Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Freedenthal, S. (2010). Adolescent help-seeking and the yellow ribbon suicide prevention program: an evaluation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(6), 628-639. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2010.40.6.628
Fundación de Salud Mental de España [FSME] (2017). Suicidios España 2016. Observatorio del Suicidio en España. https://tinyurl.com/2dhwjxj6
Gómez Tabares, A. S., Núñez, C., Agudelo Osorio, M. P. & Caballo, V. E. (2020). Riesgo suicida y su relación con la inteligencia emocional y la autoestima en estudiantes universitarios Terapia Psicológica, 38(3), 403-426. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082020000300403
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009). Suicide. The Lancet, 373(9672), 1372-1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X
Hetrick, S., Yuen, H.P., Cox, G., Bendall, S., Yung, A., Pirkis, J., & Robinson, J. (2014). Does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy have a role in improving problem solving and coping in adolescents with suicidal ideation? The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X14000129
Hooven, C., Herting, J.R., & Snedker, K.A. (2010). Long-term outcomes for the promoting care suicide prevention program. American Journal Health Behavior, 34(6), 721-736. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.34.6.8
Instituto Nacional de EstadÃstica (2019). Defunciones según la Causa de Muerte, año 2018. https://tinyurl.com/yjfea3du
Jegannathan, B., Dahlblom, K., & Kullgren, G. (2014). Outcome of a school-based intervention to promote life-skills among young people in Cambodia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.011
King, K.A., Strunk, C.M., & Sorter, M.T. (2011). Preliminary effectiveness of surviving the teens suicide prevention and depression awareness program on adolescents´suicidality and self-efficacy in performing help-seeking behaviors. Journal of School Health, 81(9), 581-590. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00630.x
McAuliffe, C., Corcoran, P., Keeley, H.S., Arensman, E., Bille-Brahe, U., De Leo, D., Fekete., S., Hawton, K., Hjelmeland, H., Kelleher, M., Kerkhof, A.J.F.M., Lönnqvist, J., Michel, K., Salander-Renberg, E., Schmidtke, A., Van Heeringen, K., & Wasserman. D. (2006). Problem-solving ability and repetition of deliberate self-harm: a multicentre study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005945
Morales-Vives, F., & Dueñas, J.M. (2018). Predicting suicidal ideation in adolescent boys and girls: The role of psychological maturity, personality traits, depression and life satisfaction. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21(10), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.12
Nock M.K., Borges, G., Bromet, E.J., Cha, C.B., Kessler, R.C., & Lee, S. (2008). Suicide and suicidal behavior. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1), 133-154. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxn002
Organización Mundial de la Salud (1 de agosto de 2012). Prevención del Suicidio (SUPRE). https://tinyurl.com/ewrb2scn
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2 de septiembre de 2019). Suicidio. https://tinyurl.com/mkmzzwkh
Organización Mundial de la Salud (19 de febrero de 2020). Datos y cifras sobre el suicidio: InfografÃa. https://tinyurl.com/4fscunbd
Petrova, M., Wyman, P.A., Schmeelk-Cone, K., & Pisani, A.R. (2015). Positive-themed suicide prevention messages delivered by adolescent peer leaders: Proximal impact on classmates´coping attitudes and perceptions of adult support. Suicide Life Threatening Behavior, 45(6), 651-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12156
Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R.H., & James A. (2016). The SOS suicide prevention program: Further evidence of efficacy and effectiveness. Prevention Science, 17, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0594-3
Schilling, E.A., Lawless, M., Buchanan, L., & Aseltine, R.H. (2014). “Signs of Suicide†shows promise as a middle school suicide prevention program. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(6), 653-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12097
Schmidt, R., Iachini, A., George, M., Koller, J., & Weist, M. (2015). Integrating a suicide prevention program into a school mental health system: A case example from a rural school district. Children & Schools, 37(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdu026
Secundino-Guadarrama, G., Veytia-López, M., Guadarrama-Guadarrama, R., & MÃguez, M.C. (2021). Depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts as predictors of suicidal ideation in Mexican adolescents. Salud Mental, 44(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2021.002
Strunk, C.M., King, K.A., Vidourek, R.A., & Sortes, M.T. (2014). Effectiveness of the surviving the teens suicide prevention and depression awareness program: An impact evaluation utilizing a comparison group. Health Education & Behavior, 41(6), 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198114531774
Suárez, Y., Restrepo, D., Caballero, C., & Palacio, J. (2018). Exposición a la violencia y riesgo suicida en adolescentes colombianos. Terapia Psicológica, 36(2), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082018000200101
Wasserman, D., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Wall, M., Eisenberg, R., Hadlaczky, G., Kelleher, I., Sarchiapone, M., Apter, Alan., Balazs, J., Bobes, J., Brunner, R., Corcoran, P., Cosman, D., Guillemin F., Haring, C., Isoue, M., Kaess, M., Khan, J-P., Keeley, H., Musa, G. J., Nemes, B., Postuvan, V., Saiz, P., Reiter-Theil, S., Varnik, A., Varnik, P., & Carli, V. (2015). School-based suicide prevention programmes: The SEYLE cluster-randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1536-1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61213-7
Wasserman, D., Caril, V., Wasserman, C., Aprter, A., Balazs, J., Bobes, J., Bracale, R., Brunner, R., Bursztein-Lipsicas, C., Corcoran, P., Cosman, D., Durkee, T., Feldman, D., Gadoros, J., Guillemin, F., Haring, C., Khan, J-P., Kaess, M., Keeley, H., Marusic, D., Nemes, B., Postuvan, V., Reiter-Theil, S., Resch, F., Sáiz, P., Sarchiapone, M., Sisask, M., Varnik, A. & …, Hoven, C.W. (2010). Saving and empowering young lives in Europe (SEYLE): a randomized controlled trial. Biomedical Central Public Health, 10(192) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-192
Zachariah, B., De Wit, E.E., Bahirat, J.D., Bunders-Aelen, J.F.G., & Regeer, B.J. (2018). What is in it for them? understanding the impact of a ‘Support, Appreciate, Listen Team’ (SALT) based suicide prevention peer education program on peer educators. School Mental Health, 10, 462-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-018-9264-5
