Resumen
Antecedentes: La escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en distintas poblaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la invarianza factorial de la SWLS en inmigrantes latinos que viven en Chile, España y EEUU. Método:Participaron un total de 663 inmigrantes latinos mayores de 18 años y que llevan más de un año viviendo en el país de acogida. Resultados: Los resultados entregan evidencia de una buena consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, también se provee soporte a la estructura unifactorial del instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y finalmente se prueba que la escala es invariante a nivel configural, métrico y escalar. Conclusión: Se concluye que la SWLS es una medida invariante y fiable para estudiar la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en países occidentales.
Citas
Amit, K., & Bar-Lev, S. (2015). Immigrants’ sense of belonging to the host country: the role of life satisfaction, language proficiency, and religious motives. Social indicators research, 124, 947-961. https://doi.org/10-1007/s11205-014-0823-3
Arpino, B., & de Valk, H. (2018). Comparing life satisfaction of immigrants and nativas across Europe: the role of social contacts. Social indicators research, 137, 1163-1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1629-x
Atienza, F.L., Pons, D., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. (2000). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes. Psicothema, 12(2), 314-319. https://tinyurl.com/2cs2kjn9
Bagherzadeh, M., Loewe, N., Mouawad, R., Batista-Foguet, J., Araya-Castillo, L., & Thieme, C. (2018). Spanish version of the satisfaction with life scale: validation and factorial invariance analysis in Chile. The Spanish journal of psychology, 21, E2. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.2
Berríos-Riquelme, J. (2017). Construcción de una escala de prejuicio percibido por inmigrantes latinoamericanos en España (Tesis doctoral). Universitat de València. https://tinyurl.com/d6ph4257
Berríos-Riquelme, J. (2021a). Labor market insertion of professional Venezuelan immigrants in northern Chile: precariousness and discrimination in the light of migration policy. REMHU, 29(62), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006208
Berríos-Riquelme, J. (2021b). Psychometric properties and factorial invariance of the satisfaction with life scale in latino immigrants in Chile, Spain, and United States [Data set]. https://osf.io/tms8k
Berríos-Riquelme, J., Frias-Navarro, D., Pascual-Soler, M., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2018). Escala de amenaza grupal internalizada por inmigrantes latinoamericanos en España: Evidencias iniciales de fiabilidad y validez. Interciencia, 43(5), 365-371. https://tinyurl.com/y5tcvrz9
Berríos-Riquelme, J., Frias-Navarro, D., Pascual-Soler, M., & Muzatto-Negron, P. (2019). Escala de satisfacción con la vida: Propiedades psicométricas de inmigrantes en España. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 25(1), 130-142. https://tinyurl.com/d5hpa9ma
Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872-882. https://tinyurl.com/x6fmn4mt
Cabañero, M.J., Richart, M., Cabrero, J., Orts, M.I., Reig, A., & Tosal, B. (2004). Fiabilidad y validez de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas y puérperas. Psicothema, 16(3), 448-455. https://tinyurl.com/29eu7zee
Calvo, R., Carr, D., & Matz-Costa, C. (2017). Another paradox? the life satisfaction of older hispanic immigrants in the United States. Journal of aging and health, 29(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315624901
Canales, A. (2019). La inmigración contemporánea en Chile. Entre la diferenciación étnico-nacional y la desigualdad de clases. Papeles de población, 15(100), 53-85. https://doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2019.100.13
Castles, S. (2018). Social transformation and human mobility: reflections on the past, present and future of migration. Journal of intercultural studies, 39(2), 238-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2018.1444351
Castles, S., de Haas, H., & Miller, M. (2014). The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world (5th ed.). Guilford Press.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/bw5wxd
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/cqx7nv
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and validty of life satisfaction scales. Social indicators research, 112, 497-527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y
Fan, X., & Sivo, S. A. (2005). Sensitivity of fit indexes to misspecified structural or measurement model components: rationale of two-index strategy revisited. Structural equation models, 12, 343-367. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1203_1
García, A., Jiménez, B., & Redondo, A. (2009). La inmigración latinoamericana en España en el siglo XXI. Investigaciones geográficas, 70, 55-70. https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.18077
García-Cid, A., Hombrados-Mendieta, I., Gómez-Jacinto, L., Palma-García, M., & Millán-Franco, M. (2017). Universitas Psychologica, 15(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/g6jf
Grey, H., & Hall-Clark, B. (Eds.) (2015). Cultural considerations in Latino American Mental Health. Oxford University Press.
Heizmann, B., & Böhnke, P. (2019). Immigrant life satisfaction in Europe: the role of social and symbolic boundaries. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 45(7), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1438252
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (Eds.) (2018). World happiness report 2018. Sustainable development solutions network. https://tinyurl.com/49zspwfh
Hierro, M. (2016). Latino American migration to spain: main reasons and future perspectives. International migration, 54(1), 64-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12056
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2019). Anuario estadístico de España. https://tinyurl.com/urebhsty
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Departamento de Extranjería y Migración (2020). Estimación de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile al 31 de diciembre 2019. https://tinyurl.com/v29f7ssp
International Organization for Migration (2013). World Migration Report. International Organization for Migration. https://tinyurl.com/kyc2sfub
Jorgensen, T.D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A.M., & Rosseel, Y.(2018). semTools: useful tools for structural equation modeling. R Package Version 0.5-1. https://tinyurl.com/47xtck83
Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological methods & research, 44(3), 486-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236
Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equations modelling (3rd ed.). Guilford.
Knies, G., Nandi, A., & Platt, L. (2016). Life satisfaction, ethnicity and neighbourhoods: Is there an effect of neighbourhood ethnic composition on life satisfaction? Social science research, 60, 110-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.01.010
Le, H., Jiang, Z., & Nielsen, I. (2018). Cognitive cultural intelligence and life satisfaction of migrant workers: the roles of career engagement and social injustice. Social indicators research, 139, 237-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1393-3
Martínez-Bujan, R. (2019). Here or there? Gendered return migration to Bolivia from Spain during economic crisis and fluctuating migration policies. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 45(16), 3105-3122. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1547023
Massey, D., & Redstone, I. (2006). Immigrant intentions and mobility in a global economy: the attitudes and behavior of recently arrived U.S. immigrants. Social science quarterly, 87(5), 954-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00410.x
McAuliffe, M., & Rush, M. (Eds.) (2017). World migration report 2018. International Organization for Migration. https://tinyurl.com/4u96kbu3
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Migrant Integration Policy Index (2015). International Key findings: MIPEX 2015. http://2015.mipex.eu/
Moreno-Jiménez, M.P, & Hidalgo, M.C. (2011). Medición y predicción de la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes empleados en España. Diferencias según su situación administrativa. Anales de psicología, 27(1), 179-185. https://tinyurl.com/dz6aah73
Murillo, J., & Molero, F. (2012). La Satisfacción vital: su relación con el prejuicio, la identidad nacional, la autoestima y el bienestar material, en inmigrantes. Acta Colombiana de psicología, 15(2), 99-108. https://tinyurl.com/y4uvda5t
Nesterko, Y., Ulitsa, N., Friedrich, M., & Glaesmer, H. (2018). Do they feel the same way? Health-related quality of life and satisafction with life in jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany and Israel. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 49(4), 618-634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118759223
Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Sage.
Neto, F. (1995). Predictors of satisfaction with life among second generation migrants. Social indicators research, 35, 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079240
Neto, F. (2001). Satisfaction with life among adolescents from immigrants families in Portugal. Journal of youth and adolescence, 30, 53-67. https://doi.org/g6jf
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2019). International Migration Outlook 2019. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/c3e35eec-en
Olsson, M., Nilsson, M., Fugl-Meyer, K., Petersson, L., Wennman-Larsen, A., Kjeldgard, L., & Alexanderson, K. (2017). Life satisfaction of women of working age shortly after breast cancer surgery. Quality of life research, 26, 673-684. https://doi.org/gbvwtk
Parella, S., Petroff, A., Speroni, T., & Piqueras, C. (2019). Social suffering and return migrations: a conceptual proposal. Apuntes, 46(84), 33-57. https://doi.org/g6kb
Pavez-Soto, I., & Colomés, S. (2018). Derechos humanos y política migratoria. Discriminación arbitraria en el control de fronteras en Chile. Polis, 51, 113-136. https://doi.org/g6kc
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological assessment, 5(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
Pew Research Center (2017). Key facts about U.S. Hispanics and their diverse heritage. https://tinyurl.com/p5vhzeyz
Phinney, J. Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: an interactional perspective. Journal of social issues, 57(3), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537-00225
Ponizovsky, Y., Dimitrova, R., Schachner, M.K., & van de Schoot, R. (2013). The satisfaction with life scale: measurement invariance across immigrant groups. European journal of developmental psychology, 10(4), 526-532. https://doi.org/g6kd
Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental review, 41, 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
R Core Team (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). Journal of statistical software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/f3r4v8
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: applications for developmental research (pp. 399–419). Sage.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75(2), 243-248. https://doi.org/bzjmjk
Schutte, L., Negri, L., Delle Fave, A., & Wissing, M. P. (2019). Rasch analysis of the satisfaction with life scale across countries: findings from South Africa and Italy. Current psychology, 40(10), 4908–4917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00424-5
Smith-Castro, V., & Molina, M. (2011). La entrevista cognitiva: Guía para su aplicación en la evaluación y mejoramiento de instrumentos de papel y lápiz (Vol. 5, Cuaderno metodológico ). Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica. https://tinyurl.com/82dyvcah
Thayer, L.E. (2016). Migración, Estado y Seguridad. Tensiones no resueltas y paradojas persistentes. Polis, 44, 1-17. https://doi.org/g6kg
Valente, R.R., & Berry, B. (2016). Acculturation of immigrant Latinos into the U.S. workplace: evidence frome the working hours-life satisfaction relationship. Applied research in quality of life, 12(2), 451-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9471-x
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational research methods, 3, 4-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
