Resumen
La transición a la parentalidad es un período crítico marcado por importantes transformaciones personales, relacionales y emocionales. Este estudio cualitativo busca explorar las representaciones parentales de los padres y madres primerizos, centrándose en cómo perciben las parejas a su bebé, a sí mismos como padres y el propio papel de la pareja. Participaron diecisiete parejas, realizándose entrevistas en profundidad durante el embarazo y luego tras el nacimiento de su primer hijo/a. Los resultados revelaron diversas respuestas emocionales al embarazo, mientras las mujeres informaron de cambios psicológicos significativos a medida que se adaptaban a su nueva identidad maternal, los hombres luchaban por conectar durante el embarazo, encontrando su papel más claro después del nacimiento a través de tareas de cuidado y apoyo emocional. Asimismo, se observa cómo la influencia cultural y familiar repercute en la construcción de dichas representaciones. Este estudio destaca la importancia de las intervenciones que apoyan a ambos padres en la transición a la parentalidad.
Citas
Adimark. (2000). El nivel socioeconómico ESOMAR. https://bit.ly/4lTkRCM
Aguayo, F., Baker, G. y Kimelman, E. (2016). Paternidad y cuidado en Ame?rica Latina: Ausencias, presencias y transformaciones. Masculinities and Social Change, 5(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.17583/MCS.2016.2140
Barnett, C. y Camfield, L. (2016). Ethics in evaluation. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 8(4), 528–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2016.1244554
Berman, S. (2021). Rethinking the fatherhood trilogy: Towards a formulation of the fatherhood constellation. Psychoanalytic Practice, 29 (1), 101–133. https://doi.org/10.10520/ejc-ppsa1_v29_n1_a7
Berman, S., y Long, C. (2022). Towards a formulation of the fatherhood constellation: Representing absence. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 19(3), 784–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2021.1873473
Bouchard, G. (2014). The quality of the parenting alliance during the transition to parenthood. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 46(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031259
Branger, M. C. E., Emmen, R. A. G., Woudstra, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., y Mesman, J. (2022). Narrative coherence across the transition to parenthood: Primiparous parents’ representations of their child in relation to parental sensitivity. Acta Psychologica, 226, 103581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103581
Braun, V., y Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Canales, M. (2006). Metodologías de la investigación social. Introducción a los oficios. LOM.
Castellano, R., Velotti, P., Crowell, J. A. y Zavattini, G. C. (2014). The role of parents’ attachment configurations at childbirth on marital satisfaction and conflict strategies. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(6), 1011–1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9757-7
Departamento de Extranjería y Migración. (2017). Población migrante en Chile. Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile. https://serviciomigraciones.cl/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DEM-2017-Fuentes-de-Informacion-Migrante.pdf
deMontigny Gauthier, P. y deMontigny, F. (2013). Conceiving a first child: Fathers’ perceptions of contributing elements to their decision. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.809519
Escriva, A., Bermúdez Figueroa, E. y Minguela, M. Á. (2024). Dual-career Spanish couples in Europe: Work–family balance in childcare. International Migration, 62(4), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13047
Fillo, J., Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S. y Kohn, J. L. (2015). Dads doing diapers: Individual and relational outcomes associated with the division of childcare across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038572
García, J. (2021). Transición a la paternidad y a la maternidad: Hacia una corresponsabilidad en la crianza [Trabajo final de grado, Universidad Pontificia Comillas]. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pontificia Comillas. https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/xyz
Gutierrez-Galve, L., Stein, A., Hanington, L., Heron, J. y Ramchandani, P. (2015). Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: Mediators and moderators. Pediatrics, 135(2), e339–e347. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2411
Habib, C. y Lancaster, S. (2010). Changes in identity and paternal–foetal attachment across a first pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28(2), 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830903298723
Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. Yale University Press.
Hazen, N. L., Aviles, A. I., Gallegos, M. I., Poulsen, H. B., Tian, Z. y Jacobvitz, D. B. (2021). The prenatal couple relationship: Relations with postnatal family dynamics and child outcomes. In R. Kuersten-Hogan & J. P. McHale (Eds.), Prenatal family dynamics: Couple and coparenting relationships during and postpregnancy (pp. 251–268). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51988-9_12
Hernández, R., Fernández, C. y Baptista, P. (2010). Metodología de la Investigación (5a ed.).. McGraw-Hill.
Jones, J. D., Cassidy, J. y Shaver, P. R. (2014). Parents’ self-reported attachment styles: A review of links with parenting behaviors, emotions, and cognitions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1), 44–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314541858
Kowlessar, O., Fox, J. R. y Wittkowski, A. (2015). The pregnant male: a metasynthesis of first-time fathers’ experiences of pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 33(2), 106–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2014.970153
Kuersten-Hogan, R. y McHale, J. P. (2021). The Transition to Parenthood: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview. In R. Kuersten-Hogan & J. P. McHale (Eds.), Prenatal Family Dynamics: Couple and Coparenting Relationships During and Postpregnancy (pp. 3–21). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51988-9_1
Lamb, M. E. (2010). The role of fathers in child development (5th ed.). Wiley.
Martínez-Salgado, C. (2012). El muestreo en investigacio?n cualitativa. Principios ba?sicos y algunas controversias. Ciencia & Saúde Coletiva, 17(3), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000300006
Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching (2a ed.). SAGE.
Minuchin, S. (1979). Familias y terapia familiar. Gedisa.
Moreno-Rosset, C., Arnal-Remón, B., Antequera-Jurado, R. y Ramírez-Uclés, I. (2016). Anxiety and psychological wellbeing in couples in transition. Clínica y Salud, 27, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clysa.2016.01.004
Nieri, L. (2017). Transición y construcción de la paternidad. Interdisciplinaria, 34(2), 425–440. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2017.34.2.11
Nomaguchi, K. y Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and Well-Being: A Decade in Review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198–223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646
Ohashi, Y. y Asano, M. (2012). Transition to early parenthood and family functioning relationships in Japan: a longitudinal study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 14(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00669.x
Oppenheim, D. (2006). Child, parent, and parent–child emotion narratives: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 771–790. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/S095457940606038X
Pavicevic, Y. y Herrera, F. (2019). Involucrados dentro de lo posible: Conciliación trabajo-paternidad de padres primerizos chilenos. Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales, 36, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2019.n36-05
Ryan, R. M. y Padilla, C. M. (2019). Transition to Parenthood: Being and Becoming a Parent. In H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 3, pp. 513–555). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429433214-15
Sadler, M., Santos, M. J. D. S., Ruiz-Berdún, D., Rojas, G. L., Skoko, E., Gillen, P. y Clausen, J. A. (2016). Moving beyond disrespect and abuse: Addressing the structural dimensions of obstetric violence. Reproductive Health Matters, 24(47), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhm.2016.04.002
Sanders, R. E., Lehmann, J. y Gardner, F. (2021). New parents’ idealistic expectations of parenthood: The impact of preconceived ideas. Journal of Family Issues, 44(3), 850–871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211055124
Sher-Censor, E. (2015). Five Minute Speech Sample in developmental research: A review. Developmental Review, 36, 127–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.005
Silva, N. y Pérez, F. (2021). Involucramiento paterno y cuidados durante la crisis sociosanitaria. Psicoperspectivas, 20(3), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-vol20-issue3-fulltext-2394
Stern, D. (1991). El mundo interpersonal del infante: Una perspectiva desde el psicoanálisis y la psicología evolutiva. Paidós.
Stern, D. (1998). The Motherhood Constellation: A Unified View of Parent–Infant Psychotherapy. Karnac Books.
Stern, D., Bruschweiler-Stern, N. y Freeland, A. (1998). The birth of a mother (D. Stern y N. Bruschweiler-Stern, Eds.). Basic Books.
Taylor, K., Compton, S., Kolenic, G. E., Scott, J., Becker, N., Dalton, V. K. y Moniz, M. H. (2021). Financial Hardship Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in the United States, 2013 to 2018. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2132103–e2132103. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32103
Testa, M. R. (2010). She wants, he wants: Couples’ childbearing desires in Austria (VID Working Paper No. 1/2010). Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences. https://bit.ly/3J9IxUV
Van-Egeren, L. A. (2003). Prebirth predictors of coparenting experiences in early infancy. Infant Ment Health J., 24(3), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.10056
VERBI Software. (2022). MAXQDA (MAXQDA 2022 [computer software].). maxqda.com.
Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M., Maas, A. J. B. M., Rijk, C. H. A. M., Braeken, J. y van Bakel, H. J. A. (2014). Stability of fathers’ representations of their infants during the transition to parenthood. Attachment & Human Development, 16(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.900095
Wall, G. (2010). Mothers’ experiences with intensive parenting and brain development discourse. Women’s Studies International Forum, 33(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.02.019