Resumen
Introducción: El apoyo social percibido es una variable relevante en los procesos de salud-enfermedad. Es importante que los instrumentos dirigidos a medir este constructo presenten evidencia de fiabilidad y validez. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las propiedades psicométricas del ESSI en población chilena, y su invarianza de medida entre hombres y mujeres, y entre universitarios y adultos. Método: Dos muestras no probabilísticas, una de universitarios (n = 538) y una de adultos (n = 446) fueron enrolados en un estudio transversal. Los datos fueron analizados con análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo y análisis de consistencia interna con Omega de McDonald (ω). Resultados: La estructura unidimensional de la ESSI fue confirmada en la muestra completa. Asimismo, se demostró invarianza escalar entre hombres y mujeres, e invarianza escalar parcial entre universitarios y adultos. La fiabilidad de los puntajes de la ESSI fue adecuada (ω > .80). Conclusión: Los puntajes de la ESSI presentan evidencia de validez factorial y fiabilidad en población chilena. La escala puede ser utilizada para medir apoyo social percibido, aunque es recomendable su uso diferenciado entre universitarios y adultos.
Citas
Berard, D. M., Vandenkerkhof, E. G., Harrison, M., & Tranmer, J. E. (2012). Gender differences in the influence of social support on one-year changes in functional status in older patients with heart failure. Cardiology Research and Practice, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/616372
Brinkhues, S., Dukers-Muijrers, N. H., Hoebe, C. J., van der Kallen, C. J., Dagnelie, P. C., Koster, A., Henry, R. M., Sep, S. J., Schaper, N. C., Stehouwer, C. D., Bosma, H., Savelkoul, P. H., & Schram, M. T. (2017). Socially isolated individuals are more prone to have newly diagnosed and prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus - the Maastricht study –. BMC Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4948-6
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts. Applications and Programming. Routledge.
Cabanach, R. G., Fariña, F., Freire, C., González, P., & Ferradás, M. del M. (2018). Diferencias en el afrontamiento del estrés en estudiantes universitarios hombres y mujeres. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 6(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v6i1.89
Cancino, M., Rehbein-Felmer, L., & Ortiz, M. S. (2018). Funcionamiento cognitivo en adultos mayores: rol de la reserva cognitiva, apoyo social y depresión. Revista Médica de Chile, 146(3), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872018000300315
Cao, L., Burton, V. S., & Liu, L. (2018). Correlates of Illicit Drug Use Among Indigenous Peoples in Canada: A Test of Social Support Theory. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(14), 4510–4527. https://doi.org/jqfk
Cárdenas, M., Barrientos, J., & Ricci, E. (2015). Estructura factorial de la escala de soporte social subjetivo: validación en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 18(1), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.14718/acp.2015.18.1.9
Casale, M., Pantelic, M., Cluver, L., Boyes, M., & Toska, E. (2018). Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among South African adolescents living with HIV: Can social support buffer the impact of stigma? Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 82–90. https://doi.org/gfc5j3
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Documet, P. I., Troyer, M. M., & Macia, L. (2019). Social support, health, and health hare access among latino immigrant men in an emerging community. Health Education and Behavior, 46(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118763870
Faro, A., Nunes dos Santos, D., & Eaton, W. W. (2021). Factor Structure and Invariance Analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale – Revised (CESD-R) in a Brazilian Population. Suma Psicológica, 28(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/jqfp
Finck, C., Barradas, S., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2017). Quality of life in breast cancer patients: Associations with optimism and social support. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.11.002
Gnilka, P. B., & Broda, M. D. (2019). Multidimensional perfectionism, depression, and anxiety: Tests of a social support mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.031
González A., E., Martínez N., V., Molina G., T., George L., M., Sepúlveda P., R., Molina C., R., & Hidalgo-Rasmussen, C. (2016). Diferencias de género en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes escolarizados chilenos. Revista Médica de Chile, 144(3), 298–306. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872016000300004
Gutiérrez, M., Tomás, J. M., & Pastor, A. M. (2021). Apoyo social de familia, profesorado y amigos, ajuste escolar y bienestar subjetivo en adolescentes peruanos. Suma Psicológica, 28(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.14349/sumapsi.2021.v28.n1.3
Heerde, J. A., & Hemphill, S. A. (2018). Examination of associations between informal help-seeking behavior, social support, and adolescent psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 47, 44–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.10.001
Henriksen, J., Larsen, E. R., Mattisson, C., & Andersson, N. W. (2019). Loneliness, health and mortality. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(2), 234–239. https://doi.org/gcgsc9
Hu, L. & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/dbt
Jiang, L., Drolet, A., & Kim, H. (2018). Age and social support seeking: Understanding the role or perceived social cost to others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218760798
Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2021). Alpha, Omega, and H Internal Consistency Reliability Estimates: Reviewing These Options and When to Use Them. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2021.1940118
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4a ed.). Guilford.
Kobayashi, T., Honjo, K., Eshak, E. S., Iso, H., Sawada, N., & Tsugane, S. (2017). Work–family conflict and self-rated health among Japanese workers: How household income modifies associations. PLOS ONE, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169903
Koetsenruijter, J., van Lieshout, J., Lionis, C., Portillo, M. C., Vassilev, I., Todorova, E., Foss, C., Gil, M. S., Knutsen, I. R., Angelaki, A., Mujika, A., Roukova, P., Kennedy, A., Rogers, A., & Wensing, M. (2015). Social Support and Health in Diabetes Patients: An observational study in six European countries in an era of austerity. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0135079. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135079
Knoll, N., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Gender and Age Differences in Social Support : A Study of East German Migrants. En G. Weider, M. S. Kopp y M. Kristenson (Eds.), Hearth Disease: Environment, Stress and Gender (pp. 198-210). Ios.
Levy, M., Deschênes, S. S., Burns, R. J., Elgendy, R., & Schmitz, N. (2019). Trajectories of social support in adults with type 2 diabetes: Associations with depressive symptoms and functional disability. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(3), 480-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5042
Li, C., Jiang, S., & Zhang, X. (2019). Intergenerational relationship, family social support, and depression among Chinese elderly: A structural equation modeling analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 248, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2019.01.032
Lu, X., Juon, H. S., He, X., Dallal, C. M., Wang, M. Q., & Lee, S. (2019). The Association Between Perceived Stress and Hypertension Among Asian Americans: Does Social Support and Social Network Make a Difference? Journal of Community Health, 44, 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-018-00612-7
Mao, Y., Qiao, S., Li, X., Zhao, Q., Zhou, Y., & Shen, Z. (2019). Depression, Social Support, and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV in Guangxi, China: A Longitudinal Study. AIDS Education and Prevention, 31(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/gmk94g
Matel-Anderson, D. M., Bekhet, A. K., & Garnier-Villarreal, M. (2019). Mediating Effects of Positive Thinking and Social Support on Suicide Resilience. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 41(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945918757988
McGaffin, B. J., Deane, F. P., Kelly, P. J., & Blackman, R. J. (2018). Social support and mental health during recovery from drug and alcohol problems. Addiction Research and Theory, 26(5), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1421178
Merluzzi, T. V., Serpentini, S., Philip, E. J., Yang, M., Salamanca-Balen, N., Heitzmann Ruhf, C. A., & Catarinella, A. (2019). Social relationship coping efficacy: A new construct in understanding social support and close personal relationships in persons with cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 28(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4913
Mitchell, P. H., Powell, L., Blumenthal, J., Norten, J., Ironson, G., Pitula, C. R., Froelicher, E. S., Czajkowski, S., Youngblood, M., Huber, M., & Berkman, L. F. (2003). A short social support measure for patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 23(6), 398–403. https://doi.org/fnqnv4
Muñiz, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2019). Ten steps for test development. Psicothema, 31(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.291
Nguyen, A. W. (2017). Variations in Social Network Type Membership among Older African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(4), 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx016
Ortiz, M. S., & Baeza, M. J. (2011). Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir apoyo social percibido en pacientes chilenos con diabetes tipo 2. Universitas Psychologica, 10(1), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy10-1.ppem
Pérez, J. J. N., & Marqués, Á. C. (2018). Sobrecarga familiar, apoyo social y salud comunitaria en cuidadores de personas con trastorno mental grave. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 52, e03351. https://doi.org/jqh7
Ponsoda, J. M., & Díaz, A. (2017). Relación entre la carga objetiva y la carga subjetiva en cuidadores familiares de enfermos de Alzheimer. European Journal of Health Research, 3(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30552/ejhr.v3i1.54
Revilla, L., Luna del Castillo, J., Bailón, E., & Medina, I. (2005). Validación del cuestionario MOS de apoyo social en Atención Primaria. Medicina de Familia, 6(1), 10–18. https://tinyurl.com/4t5t52bk
Rivas-Diez, R. (2013). Apoyo social funcional en mujeres de la población general y en mujeres maltratadas Chilenas. Propiedades psicométricas del Duke-UNC-11. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicologica, 2(36), 9–27. https://tinyurl.com/ye4yw6dk
Rodríguez Leis, P., & Flores Gallegos, R. (2018). Relación entre apoyo social, estrés, ansiedad y depresión durante el embarazo en una población mexicana. Ansiedad y Estrés, 24(2–3), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anyes.2018.03.003
Szkody, E., Stearns, M., Stanhope, L., & McKinney, C. (2021). Stress-Buffering Role of Social Support during COVID-19. Family process, 60(3), 1002–1015. https://doi.org/fmww
Taylor, S. E. (2004). The Tending Instinct: How Nurturing Is Essential To Who We Are and How We Live (2002). Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25(7), 747–749. https://doi.org/cskt89
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411
Thoits, P. A. (2006). Conceptual, Methodological, and Theoretical Problems in Studying Social Support as a Buffer Against Life Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23(2), 145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136511
Trizano-Hermosilla, I., & Alvarado, J. M. (2016). Best Alternatives to Cronbach's Alpha Reliability in Realistic Conditions: Congeneric and Asymmetrical Measurements. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00769
Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the Links Between Social Support and Physical Health: A Life-Span Perspective With Emphasis on the Separability of Perceived and Received Support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
Vaglio, J., Conard, M., Poston, W. S., O’Keefe, J., Haddock, C. K., House, J., & Spertus, J. A. (2004). Testing the Performance of the ENRICHD Social Support Instrument in Cardiac Patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-2-24
Vélez, R., López, S., & Rajmil, L. (2009). Género y salud percibida en la infancia y la adolescencia en España. Gaceta Sanitaria, 23(5), 433–439. https://doi.org/d9s9nf
Yang, Y. C., Boen, C., & Mullan Harris, K. (2014). Social Relationships and Hypertension in Late Life. Journal of Aging and Health, 27(3), 403–431. https://doi.org/jqjf
Yildirim, M., & Çelik-Tanriverdi, F. (2021). Social support, resilience and subjective well-being in college students. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 5(2), 1–9. https://tinyurl.com/yc728tex
Yin, S., Yang, Q., Xiong, J., Li, T., & Zhu, X. (2020). Social Support and the Incidence of Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults in China: Findings From the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00254